What is autism spectrum disorder?
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental condition that affects social communication and interaction, and involves restricted or repetitive behaviours, interests or sensory responses. It varies widely: some autistic people need little support, while others need substantial support in daily life. The WHO estimates that about 1 in 100 children worldwide is autistic.
What this means in practice
Autism is not caused by parenting and is not an illness to be cured. It is a different way of experiencing the world. In education, the aim is to understand each child's strengths and difficulties and to adapt teaching and the environment so the child can learn and take part.
Common features
- Differences in using and understanding language, gestures and facial expressions.
- Difficulty with unwritten social rules and back-and-forth conversation.
- Strong preference for routine and predictability.
- Intense, focused interests.
- Over- or under-sensitivity to sound, light, touch, taste or smell.
Autism in Indian law
Autism spectrum disorder is one of the 21 disabilities specified in the RPwD Act 2016, and is also covered by the National Trust Act 1999.
Language and respect
Many autistic adults prefer identity-first language ('autistic person'), while others and many professionals use person-first language ('person with autism'). Ask the family and, where possible, the child which they prefer. Avoid describing autistic children as suffering or as 'high' or 'low functioning'; describe their support needs instead.
Practical next steps
- Learn how the child communicates best.
- Make routines visible and predictable.
- Reduce sensory overload where possible.
- Build on the child's interests.
- Work with the child's family and therapists.
What to keep in mind
Only qualified professionals such as developmental paediatricians, psychiatrists or clinical psychologists can diagnose autism. Teachers can share observations and suggest an assessment.
Common follow-up questions
Can autism be cured?
Autism is lifelong, but support, teaching and therapy can greatly improve communication, independence and quality of life.
Is autism more common in boys?
It is diagnosed more often in boys, though girls are increasingly recognised and may present differently.
Sources
- WHO: Autism fact sheet
- CDC: Autism spectrum disorder
- Department of Empowerment of Persons with Disabilities: RPwD Act 2016 and rules
Sources inform the explanation; examples are educational illustrations, not individual clinical advice. How these answers are prepared.